Protocol Labs Research
About
People
Research
Groups Areas Talks Publications Tutorials
Outreach
Blog
ConsensusLab

ConsensusLab’s vision is to be the go-to place for scalable decentralised consensus research. In the true spirit of Protocol Labs Research, we aim to become a hub for the collaborative advancement of human knowledge on this challenging topic. Together with a wide network of academic and industry partners, and in collaboration with other open projects, our team will be building an engine for the decentralised web.

For more information on our problems of interest, projects, and other activities, check out our landing page and the protocol/ConsensusLab repo on GitHub.

Alumni

Outputs

Publications

View all PL Research publications
2024-02-01 / Report
A finality calculator for Filecoin’s Expected Consensus
We propose a finality calculator for Filecoin’s Expected consensus that considers what takes place during epochs and can attain, under normal operating conditions, an error probability of 2^(−30) in 30 epochs (15 minutes) - a 30x improvement over the current 900-epoch threshold.
Guy Goren , Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2023-08-14 / Conference paper
Security analysis of Filecoin's Expected Consensus in the Byzantine vs honest model
Filecoin is the largest storage-based open-source blockchain, both by storage capacity (>11EiB) and market capitalization. This paper provides the first formal security analysis of Filecoin’s consensus (ordering) protocol, Expected Consensus (EC).
AFT 2023 / 2023.10.23 / Princeton, NJ, USA
Xuechao Wang , Sarah Azouvi , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2023-04-22 / Conference paper
Base fee manipulation in Ethereum's EIP-1559 transaction fee mechanism
In 2021 Ethereum adjusted the transaction pricing mechanism by implementing EIP-1559, which introduces the base fee - a fixed network fee per block that is burned and adjusted dynamically in accordance with network demand.
DISC 2023 / 2023.10.09 / L'Aquila, Italy
Sarah Azouvi , Guy Goren , Lioba Heimbach, Alexander Hicks
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-12-13 / Conference paper
Enriching Kademlia by partitioning
Decentralizing the Web is becoming an increasingly interesting endeavor that aims at improving user security and privacy as well as providing guaranteed ownership of content. One such endeavor that pushes towards this reality, is Protocol Labs’ Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS) network, that provides a decentralized large scale file system to support the decentralized Web.
DINPS 22 / 2022.07.10 / Bologna, Italy
João Monteiro, Pedro Ákos Costa, João Leitão, Alfonso de la Rocha , Yiannis Psaras
ConsensusLab , ProbeLab
Distributed systems , Networking
2022-12-13 / Conference paper
Pikachu: Securing PoS blockchains from long-range attacks by checkpointing into Bitcoin PoW using Taproot
Blockchain systems based on a reusable resource, such as proof-of-stake (PoS), provide weaker security guarantees than those based on proof-of-work. Specifically, they are vulnerable to long-range attacks, where an adversary can corrupt prior participants in order to rewrite the full history of the chain.
ConsensusDay 22 / 2022.11.07 / Los Angeles, CA, USA
Sarah Azouvi , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-10-24 / Journal article
Mir-BFT: Scalable and robust BFT for decentralized networks
This paper presents Mir-BFT, a robust Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) total order broadcast protocol aimed at maximizing throughput on wide-area networks (WANs), targeting deployments in decentralized networks, such as permissioned and Proof-of-Stake permissionless blockchain systems.
Journal of Systems Research / 2022.10.24
Chrysoula Stathakopoulou, David Tudor, Matej Pavlovic , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-04-20 / Conference paper
State machine replication scalability made simple
Consensus, state machine replication (SMR) and total order broadcast (TOB) protocols are notorious for being poorly scalable with the number of participating nodes. Despite the recent race to reduce overall message complexity of leader-driven SMR/TOB protocols, scalability remains poor and the throughput is typically inversely proportional to the number of nodes.
EuroSys '22: Seventeenth European Conference on Computer Systems / 2022.04.06 / Rennes, France
Chrysoula Stathakopoulou, Matej Pavlovic , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-03-11 / Conference paper
Hierarchical consensus: A horizontal scaling framework for blockchains
We present the Filecoin Hierarchical Consensus framework, which aims to overcome the throughput challenges of blockchain consensus by horizontally scaling the network. Unlike traditional sharding designs, based on partitioning the state of the network, our solution centers on the concept of subnets –which are organized hierarchically– and can be spawned on-demand to manage new state.
DINPS 22 / 2022.07.10 / Bologna, Italy
Alfonso de la Rocha , Lefteris Kokoris-Kogias, Jorge M. Soares , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-01-26 / Conference paper
Decentralisation conscious players and system reliability
We propose a game-theoretic model of the reliability of de- centralised systems based on Varian’s model of system reliability [27], to which we add a new normalized total effort case that models decentrali- sation conscious players that prioritize decentralisation.
Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2022 / 2022.05.02 / St. George's, Grenada
Sarah Azouvi , Alexander Hicks
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-01-24 / Conference paper
Sliding window challenge process for congestion detection
Many prominent smart contract applications such as payment channels, auctions, and voting systems often involve a mechanism in which some party must respond to a challenge or appeal some action within a fixed time limit.
Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2022 / 2022.05.02 / St. George’s, Grenada
Ayelet Lotem, Sarah Azouvi , Aviv Zohar, Patrick McCorry
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2021-11-23 / Journal article
On the future of decentralized computing
Decentralized systems (e.g., blockchain systems) have the potential to revolutionize financial and payment systems, as well as the internet — for the good of humankind and planet Earth. This position paper aims at justifying this standpoint and at laying out a vision for the future of decentralized computing.
Bulletin of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science / 2021.11.23
Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2021-11-16 / Conference paper
Private attacks in longest chain proof-of-stake protocols with single secret leader elections
Single Secret Leader Elections have recently been proposed as an improved leader election mechanism for proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchains. However, the security gain they provide has not been quantified. In this work, we present a comparison of PoS longest-chain protocols that are based on Single Secret Leader Elections (SSLE) - that elect exactly one leader per round - versus those based on Probabilistic Leader Elections (PLE) - where one leader is elected on expectation.
AFT '21: 3rd ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies / 2021.09.28
Sarah Azouvi , Daniele Cappelletti
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2020-10-21 / Conference paper
Winkle: foiling long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems
Winkle protects any validator-based byzantine fault tolerant consensus mechanisms, such as those used in modern Proof-of-Stake blockchains, against long-range attacks where old validators’ signature keys get compromised. Winkle is a decentralized secondary layer of client-based validation, where a client includes a single additional field into a transaction that they sign: a hash of the previously sequenced block.
AFT '20: 2nd ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies / 2020.10.21 / New York, NY, USA
Sarah Azouvi , George Danezis, Valeria Nikolaenko
ConsensusLab
Cryptography
2020-03-03 / Conference paper
SoK: Tools for game theoretic models of security for cryptocurrencies
Cryptocurrencies have garnered much attention in recent years, both from the academic community and industry. One interesting aspect of cryptocurrencies is their explicit consideration of incentives at the protocol level, which has motivated a large body of work, yet many open problems still exist and current systems rarely deal with incentive related problems well.
Cryptoeconomic Systems / 2020.03.07 / Cambridge, MA, USA
Sarah Azouvi , Alexander Hicks
ConsensusLab
Cryptography

Talks

View all PL Research talks
2024-02-27
F3 and GossipBFT: Fast finality on longest-chain protocols
ETHDenver 2024 / 2024.02.27 / Denver, CO, USA
Alejandro Ranchal-Pedrosa
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2023-07-17
Janus and Granite
Protocol Labs Research Talks / 2023.07.17
Henrique Moniz
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2023-03-30
Scalable asynchronous randomized byzantine agreement
Randomness Summit 2023 / 2023.03.30 / Tokyo, Japan
Henrique Moniz , Matej Pavlovic
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2023-03-29
A metaverse of walled gardens?
WIPO Conversation on Intellectual Property and the Metaverse / 2023.03.29 / Genève, Switzerland
Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
2022-11-21
Applications of Interplanetary Consensus
ConsensusLab Summit / 2022.10.27 / Lisbon, Portugal
Juan Benet
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-11-21
Blockchain meets concurrency: Scaling FVM with multi-threaded execution
ConsensusLab Summit / 2022.10.27 / Lisbon, Portugal
Vivien Quéma , Yann Vonlanthen
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-11-21
Building modular and scalable BFT consensus using the Mir framework
ConsensusLab Summit / 2022.10.27 / Lisbon, Portugal
Matej Pavlovic
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-11-21
dOnlyFans
ConsensusLab Summit / 2022.10.27 / Lisbon, Portugal
Sarah Azouvi
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-11-21
Interplanetary Consensus: Now playing in Eudico near you
ConsensusLab Summit / 2022.10.27 / Lisbon, Portugal
Alfonso de la Rocha
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-11-21
Interplanetary Consensus: Scaling blockchains with subnets in an easy-to-trust model
ConsensusLab Summit / 2022.10.27 / Lisbon, Portugal
Guy Goren
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-11-21
Realising web3: 15 months of ConsensusLab
ConsensusLab Summit / 2022.10.27 / Lisbon, Portugal
Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-11-21
Unexpected consensus? The possible futures of the Filecoin network
ConsensusLab Summit / 2022.10.27 / Lisbon, Portugal
Sarah Azouvi
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-06-24
Hierarchical consensus: A horizontal scaling framework for blockchains
ConsensusFactory / 2022.06.22
Alfonso de la Rocha
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-03-11
Bitcoin checkpointing project update
ConsensusLab 22Q2 Team Week / 2022.02.07 / Dubai, UAE
Sarah Azouvi
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-03-11
Hierarchical consensus project update
ConsensusLab 22Q2 Team Week / 2022.02.07 / Dubai, UAE
Alfonso de la Rocha
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-03-11
Parallel execution project update
ConsensusLab 22Q2 Team Week / 2022.02.07 / Dubai, UAE
Vivien Quéma
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-03-11
Tendermint subnet consensus project update
ConsensusLab 22Q2 Team Week / 2022.02.07 / Dubai, UAE
Denis Kolegov
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-02-23
Filecoin hierarchical consensus
Protocol Labs Research Talks / 2022.02.03
Alfonso de la Rocha
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2021-12-14
A vision for ConsensusLab and decentralized computing
ConsensusDays 21 / 2021.10.07
Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2021-12-14
Securing membership and state checkpoints of BFT and PoS blockchains by anchoring onto the Bitcoin blockchain
ConsensusDays 21 / 2021.10.08
Sarah Azouvi
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2021-12-14
The importance of consensus R&D breakthroughs
ConsensusDays 21 / 2021.10.08
Juan Benet
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2021-09-07
Private attacks in longest chain PoS protocols with single secret leader election
Protocol Labs Research Talks / 2021.09.07
Sarah Azouvi
ConsensusLab
Cryptography
2021-05-03
SoK: Tools for game theoretic models of security for cryptocurrencies
Protocol Labs Research Talks / 2021.05.03
Sarah Azouvi
ConsensusLab
Cryptography
2021-02-09
Winkle: a decentralized checkpointing for proof-of-stake systems
Protocol Labs Research Talks / 2021.02.09
Sarah Azouvi
ConsensusLab
Cryptography

Blog

View all PL Research posts
2023-06-16 / News, Events
ConsensusDays 23 recordings now available
ConsensusDays 23 took place 5-6 June and we have another successful edition to celebrate! Beyond the exciting programme, here are a few stats from this year: 22 talks 35 submissions 231 registrations 347 members of the #consensus channel 612 members of the ConsensusDays mailing list 614 YouTube views of the raw streams Today, we bring you the final news of the year: the edited talks are now available on YouTube.
Jorge M. Soares , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2023-05-10 / News, Events
ConsensusDays 23 programme and registration
We’re happy to announce the publication of the ConsensusDays 23 programme. The workshop will take place 5-6 June in the 14:00-18:30 UTC period. We were again overwhelmed by the community interest, and many decisions ended up coming down to program limitations and session planning rather than quality alone.
Jorge M. Soares , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2023-04-20 / News
IPC subnets land on Filecoin Spacenet
The Interplanetary Consensus framework (IPC), formerly known as Hierarchical Consensus, addresses two challenges of blockchain networks, transaction volume and application heterogeneity. In doing so, it boosts the capabilities of the Filecoin network.
James Bluett, Alfonso de la Rocha , Akosh Farkash , Guy Goren , Denis Kolegov , Willes Lau , Henrique Moniz , Matej Pavlovic , Alejandro Ranchal-Pedrosa , Jorge M. Soares , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2023-03-15 / News, Events
ConsensusDay 23: deadline extended to 19 Mar
We have already received a number of excellent submissions for ConsensusDay 23 but have decided to extend the submission deadline in order to accommodate several pending contributions. We will therefore be accepting submissions until the end of Sunday, 19 March, anywhere on earth.
Jorge M. Soares , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2023-02-15 / News, Events
ConsensusDay 23: call for contributions
ConsensusDay is back! We’re returning to our roots and organising a virtual event on 5 June 2023, in a format similar to the 2021 edition. That means we will not be publishing proceedings this year and therefore welcome both novel contributions and those under review or published elsewhere in the last 12 months.
Jorge M. Soares , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-11-30 / News, Events
The Filecoin Spacenet goes live
For all of the past year, our team at ConsensusLab has been hard at work pushing the boundaries of Filecoin scalability and devising a framework for horizontal scaling that allows for the seamless spawning of interoperable subnets, as well as a reference implementation of a consensus algorithm suitable for running said subnets.
Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-10-14 / News, Events
Join us in Lisbon for the ConsensusLab Summit
In less than two weeks, the Protocol Labs Network will be meeting in Lisbon, Portugal for LabWeek22, a decentralised conference and a first for us. ConsensusLab will also be present, and we’re organising our own event: the ConsensusLab Summit.
Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-09-15 / News, Events
ConsensusDay 22: programme now live!
Consensusday 22 is fast approaching! The workshop, which will be co-located with ACM CCS this year, will take place 7 November in Los Angeles. We have another exciting programme for this edition, comprising 15 talks that cover assumptions, PoS security, leader election, performance, and more.
Jorge M. Soares , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-08-26 / Blog
Protocol Labs research funding recipients 2022
Protocol Labs Research is thrilled to announce the first research funding recipients of 2022! We fund researchers around the world and have given out 11 awards so far this year. These awards include three RFPs, two Summer Research Grants, five Doctoral fellowships, and one Postdoctoral fellowship.
Abby Silin
ConsensusLab , CryptoComputeLab , CryptoEconLab , Cryptonet , Network Research , ProbeLab , Research Acceleration
Cryptography , Distributed systems , Metaresearch , Networking
2022-07-21 / News, Grants
The Pikachu RFP: Checkpointing Filecoin onto Bitcoin
Blockchains based on a reusable resource (such as proof-of-stake or proof-of-space) are not as secure as those based on proof-of-work. Specifically, they are vulnerable to long-range attacks (LRA), where an adversary can create a long fork very cheaply.
Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-07-13 / News, Team
Guy Goren joins ConsensusLab as a Research Scientist
ConsensusLab is excited to welcome Guy Goren to the team! Guy joins us from Technion, where his PhD research focused on distributed data structures and algorithms, and particularly blockchain protocols.
ConsensusLab
2022-07-01 / News, Team
Akosh Farkash joins ConsensusLab as a Research Engineer
ConsensusLab are excited to welcome Akosh Farkash to the team! Akosh joins us from IOHK and CasperLabs, where he helped develop robust and performant blockchain systems, mainly working in Scala and Rust.
ConsensusLab
2022-06-24 / News, Events
ConsensusFactory summary and recordings
Last Wednesday, we hosted the first edition of ConsensusFactory: Decentralized Reflections on Consensus, a new virtual event that brought together speakers from different blockchain ecosystems to talk about the scalability strategies each of their projects are pursuing.
Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-06-13 / News, Team
ConsensusLab welcomes its 2022 summer fellows!
The ConsensusLab team is excited to welcome our first summer research fellows, who will be joining us at different times throughout the summer to work on some of our core research projects.
Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-06-08 / News, Events
Join us on 22 June for ConsensusFactory!
Are you interested in consensus and distributed system scalability? So are we! That’s why we’re organizing ConsensusFactory, a new virtual event that will bring together speakers from different blockchain ecosystems, who will present the scalability approaches they are exploring.
Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-05-18 / News, Events
ConsensusDay 22: call for contributions
After a wildly successful 2021 edition, ConsensusDay is back for 2022! The goal remains the same: to provide a forum for the discussion of early-stage but high-impact research with scientific interest and real-world applications and to build a community around it.
Jorge M. Soares , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-05-05 / News, Team
Sergey Fedorov joins ConsensusLab as a Research Engineer
ConsensusLab are excited to welcome Sergey Fedorov to the team! Sergey joins us from NEC Laboratories Europe, where he spent the last 5 years working on security topics, including blockchain technologies.
ConsensusLab
2022-04-20 / Blog
The first graduating class of ConsensusLab projects
When ConsensusLab launched last year, we published a roadmap covering our first 18 months. We are still working towards that same roadmap, with minor adjustments over time to accommodate the changing landscape and externalities.
Sarah Azouvi , Alfonso de la Rocha , Denis Kolegov , Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-03-16 / Blog
Working in public @ ConsensusLab
Do you ever wonder what ConsensusLab is up to? If so, you’re in for a treat! Ever since our launch in July ‘21, we’ve been sharing our work with the broader community – one of our very first initiatives was organising ConsensusDays.
Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
2022-03-03 / Blog
Scaling blockchains with hierarchical consensus
Scaling blockchains is not an easy task. Less so if one is looking to accommodate not only crypto-native use cases but also Web 2.0-like applications handling significant volumes of data at high throughput (of the kind that you would host with your preferred cloud provider).
Alfonso de la Rocha , Lefteris Kokoris-Kogias, Jorge M. Soares , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2022-03-02 / News, Team
Matej Pavlovic joins ConsensusLab as a Research Scientist
ConsensusLab is pleased to welcome Matej Pavlovic to the team. Matej joins us from IBM Research, where he was recently doing research on MirBFT, among other topics in blockchains and distributed systems.
ConsensusLab
2022-01-24 / News, Team
Denis Kolegov joins ConsensusLab as Research Engineer
We’re excited to welcome Denis Kolegov to the ConsensusLab team, as our newest Research Engineer. Denis joins us after a diverse career in computer security, crossing Tomsk State University, F5 Networks, BI.
ConsensusLab
2021-11-30 / News, Team
ConsensusLab welcomes Lefteris Kokoris-Kogias as an external collaborator
We are pleased to welcome Lefteris Kokoris-Kogias as an external collaborator on ConsensusLab projects. Lefteris is an assistant professor at IST Austria, where he leads the Secure, Private, and Decentralized Systems (SPiDerS) group.
Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2021-11-28 / News, Team
Vivien Quéma joins PL Research as an advisor to ConsensusLab
We are happy to announce that Vivien Quéma will be joining PL Research’s ConsensusLab as a research advisor. Vivien is a Professor of Computer Science at Grenoble INP and a member of the LIG laboratory.
Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2021-10-29 / News, Events
ConsensusDays 21 recap and recordings
It was a calm day in early August when we launched a call for contributions for ConsensusDay 21, the launch event for our ConsensusLab. Originally intended to be an intimate, one-day virtual workshop aiming to foster discussion of consensus research and bootstrap a collaboration network, it soon became clear that it was growing beyond our wildest expectations – and certainly beyond what we had planned and were prepared to accommodate.
Karola Kirsanow , Jorge M. Soares , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2021-09-28 / News, Events
Announcing the ConsensusDays 21 program
After a two-week review marathon, we’re happy to announce the exciting program for ConsensusDays 21. The workshop will take place 6-7 October (next week!) in the 14:00-20:00 UTC period. We were overwhelmed by the number and quality of talk proposals, and many decisions ended up coming down to program limitations and session planning rather than quality alone.
Marko Vukolić , Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2021-09-14 / News, Events
ConsensusDay becomes ConsensusDays 21
We would like to thank all authors for the overwhelming response to the call for contributions. We are delighted by the quality and number of submissions received, which already required us to expand our review team.
Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2021-08-03 / News, Events
ConsensusDay 21: call for contributions
It was only last week that we announced the launch of ConsensusLab, a new Protocol Labs research group focused on scalable consensus for decentralised systems. Looking to drive more focused research into the topic, we are now inviting you to participate in our first public event, ConsensusDay 21.
Jorge M. Soares
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2021-07-30 / News
ConsensusLab: supercharging our consensus research
We are excited to announce the launch of ConsensusLab, a new research group focused on scalable consensus for decentralised systems and a part of Protocol Labs Research. Consensus — loosely defined as global agreement on the state of a decentralised network across its mutually untrusting participants — has been known to be at the heart of decentralised systems ever since the inception of Nakamoto’s Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus.
Sarah Azouvi , Jorge M. Soares , Marko Vukolić
ConsensusLab
Distributed systems
2021-07-07 / News, Team
Marko Vukolić joins PL Research as ConsensusLab Lead
Protocol Labs Research is excited to announce that Marko Vukolić is joining us to establish and lead the ConsensusLab, which will explore and develop methods of coordinating distributed systems. We asked Marko why he decided to join PL Research, what he will be working on, and to share his thoughts about future technological developments:
Karola Kirsanow
ConsensusLab